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Background@#The value of tiotropium bromide (TIO) in neutrophilic asthma was meaningful in previous study. We hypothesized that TIO’s mechanism of action is associated with histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) activity, which is key for controlling the transcription of inflammatory cytokines and usually downregulated in neutrophilic asthma. @*Methods@#The effects of TIO and dexamethasone (DEX) on HDAC2 activity, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) were evaluated in neutrophilic asthma mouse model (C57BL, 6-week-old). An in-vitro study was conducted using primary human bronchial/tracheal epithelial (HBE) cells from asthma patients.Western blot analyses were performed for phospho-phospholipase Cγ-1 (PLCγ-1) and inositol trisphosphate (IP3 ) receptors (IP3 R) with treating lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TIO. @*Results@#Ovalbumin was used to induce eosinophilic inflammation in this study. After neutrophilic asthma was induced by LPS (O+L group), HDAC2 activity was diminished with increased NF-κB activity and CXCL1 compared to the control group. TIO significantly improved NF-κB activity, CXCL1, and HDAC2 activity compared with the O+L group in in-vivo study (P < 0.05, each). Western blot analyses showed that LPS treated HBE cells from asthma patients increased PLCγ-1 and diminished IP3 receptor levels. After TIO treatment, recovery of IP3 R and improved PLCγ-1 levels were observed. @*Conclusion@#These results support the hypothesis that TIO modulates inflammation by recovering HDAC2 activity from the acetylcholine-stimulated inflammation cascade in neutrophilic asthma. The detailed inflammation cascade of recovering HDAC2 activity by TIO might be associated with PLCγ-1-IP3-IP3R mediated intracellular calcium ion pathway.
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Background@#We evaluated the effect of particulate matter (PM) and cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on bronchial epithelial cell survival, as well as oxidative stress and autophagy levels. Moreover, we aimed to assess the effect of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the adverse effects of PM and CSE exposure. @*Methods@#Normal human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B cells) were exposed to urban PM with or without CSE, after which cytotoxic effects, including oxidative stress and autophagy levels, were measured. After identifying the toxic effects of urban PM and CSE exposure, the effects of NAC treatment on cell damage were evaluated. @*Results@#Urban PM significantly decreased cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner, which was further aggravated by simultaneous treatment with CSE. Notably, pretreatment with NAC at 10 mM for 1 hour reversed the cytotoxic effects of PM and CSE co-exposure. Treatment with 1, 5, and 10 mM NAC was shown to decrease reactive oxygen species levels induced by exposure to both PM and CSE. Additionally, the autophagy response assessed via LC3B expression was increased by PM and CSE exposure, and this also attenuated by NAC treatment. @*Conclusion@#The toxic effects of PM and CSE co-exposure on human bronchial epithelial cells, including decreased cell viability and increased oxidative stress and autophagy levels, could be partly prevented by NAC treatment.
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Background/Aims@#Current asthma therapies remain unsatisfactory for controlling airway remodelling in asthma. MicroRNA-21 is a key player in asthma pathogenesis, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects on airway remodelling are not completely understood. We investigated the effects of inhibition of microRNA-21 on allergic airway inflammation and remodelling. @*Methods@#Female BALB/c mice were divided into four groups: control, ovalbumin-sensitized and -challenged for 3 months, microRNA-negative control-treated ovalbumin-treated, and microRNA-21 inhibitor-treated ovalbumin-treated groups. Parameters related to airway remodelling, cytokine production, airway inflammation, and airway hyperresponsiveness were compared between groups. Human bronchial smooth muscle cells were used in a mechanism study. @*Results@#In this asthma model, ovalbumin-sensitized and -challenged mice exhibited allergic airway inf lammation and airway remodelling. MicroRNA-21 inhibitor-treated mice had fewer inflammatory cells, lower TH2 cytokine production, and suppressed parameters related to remodelling such as goblet cell hyperplasia, collagen deposition, hydroxyproline content, and expression of smooth muscle actin. Inhibition of microRNA-21 decreased transforming growth factor β1 expression and induced Smad7 expression in lung tissue. In human bronchial smooth muscle cells stimulated with transforming growth factor β1, microRNA-21 inhibition upregulated Smad7 expression and decreased markers of airway remodelling. @*Conclusions@#Inhibition of microRNA-21 had both anti-inflammatory and anti-remodelling effects in this model of ovalbumin-induced chronic asthma. Our data suggest that the microRNA-21–transforming growth factor β1–Smad7 axis modulates the pathogenesis of ovalbumin-induced chronic asthma and in human bronchial smooth muscle cells. MicroRNA-21 inhibitors may be a novel therapeutic target in patients with allergic asthma, especially those with airway remodelling.
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Background/Aims@#Current asthma therapies remain unsatisfactory for controlling airway remodelling in asthma. MicroRNA-21 is a key player in asthma pathogenesis, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects on airway remodelling are not completely understood. We investigated the effects of inhibition of microRNA-21 on allergic airway inflammation and remodelling. @*Methods@#Female BALB/c mice were divided into four groups: control, ovalbumin-sensitized and -challenged for 3 months, microRNA-negative control-treated ovalbumin-treated, and microRNA-21 inhibitor-treated ovalbumin-treated groups. Parameters related to airway remodelling, cytokine production, airway inflammation, and airway hyperresponsiveness were compared between groups. Human bronchial smooth muscle cells were used in a mechanism study. @*Results@#In this asthma model, ovalbumin-sensitized and -challenged mice exhibited allergic airway inf lammation and airway remodelling. MicroRNA-21 inhibitor-treated mice had fewer inflammatory cells, lower TH2 cytokine production, and suppressed parameters related to remodelling such as goblet cell hyperplasia, collagen deposition, hydroxyproline content, and expression of smooth muscle actin. Inhibition of microRNA-21 decreased transforming growth factor β1 expression and induced Smad7 expression in lung tissue. In human bronchial smooth muscle cells stimulated with transforming growth factor β1, microRNA-21 inhibition upregulated Smad7 expression and decreased markers of airway remodelling. @*Conclusions@#Inhibition of microRNA-21 had both anti-inflammatory and anti-remodelling effects in this model of ovalbumin-induced chronic asthma. Our data suggest that the microRNA-21–transforming growth factor β1–Smad7 axis modulates the pathogenesis of ovalbumin-induced chronic asthma and in human bronchial smooth muscle cells. MicroRNA-21 inhibitors may be a novel therapeutic target in patients with allergic asthma, especially those with airway remodelling.
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Background/Aims@#Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an epithelial cell-derived cytokine that plays a key role in Th2-mediated inflammation, both directly by promoting the proliferation of naïve CD4 Th2 cells, and indirectly by activating dendritic cells (DCs). TSLP-activated DCs induce the expansion of chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule expressed on Th2 (CRTH2)+ CD4+ Th2 memory cells, which undergo a Th2 response and express prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) synthase. CRTH2, a PGD2 receptor, is a selective Th2-cell surface marker. We investigated the effects of an anti-TSLP antibody (Ab) and a CRTH2 antagonist, as well as their mechanisms of action, in a mouse model of acute asthma. @*Methods@#BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin. We then evaluated the effects of the administration of an anti-TSLP Ab either alone or together with a CRTH2 antagonist on cell counts, Th2 cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar fluid, and the levels of epithelium-derived cytokines such as TSLP, interleukin (IL) 33, and IL-25 in lung homogenates, as well as airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR). @*Results@#Anti-TSLP Ab and the CRTH2 antagonist significantly attenuated eosinophilic airway inflammation, AHR, and the expression of Th2 cytokines. The expression of GATA-3 and the levels of IL-33 and IL-25 in lung tissues were affected by the combined anti-TSLP and CRTH2 antagonist treatment. @*Conclusions@#These results suggest that the dual blockade of TSLP and CRTH2 may serve as an effective treatment target for eosinophilic asthma.
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Background@#Studies in experimental models of allergic asthma have shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have therapeutic potential for T-helper 2 (TH2) cell-mediated inflammation. However, the mechanisms underlying these therapeutic effects are not fully understood and their safety has not been confirmed. @*Methods@#Using a mouse model of experimental allergic asthma, we investigated the efficacy of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs) or human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) according to treatment frequency and timing. @*Results@#Ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized and -challenged mice exhibited airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), airway inflammation, and significant increases in TH2 cytokine levels. Both double and single human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) treatments significantly decreased AHR and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid counts. In addition, single treatment with hMSCs showed significant attenuation of allergic airway inflammation. However, double treatment with hMSCs during OVA -sensitization and -challenge further increased inflammatory cell infiltration, and TH2 cytokine levels. @*Conclusion@#The results of treatment with hADSCs or hBMSCs suppresses AHR and airway inflammation. However, double hMSC treatment significantly induces eosinophilic airway inflammation and lung histological changes. Therefore, double hMSC treatment is ineffective against asthma and single injection frequency appears to be more important for the treatment of asthma. These results suggest that hMSC therapy can be used for treatment of asthma patients but that it should be used carefully.
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BACKGROUND: Efficacy and safety of tiotropium bromide, a muscarinic receptor antagonist, in treatment of asthma have been reported. However, its effect on airway remodeling in chronic asthma of the elderly has not been clearly verified. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of tiotropium and expression of muscarinic receptors as its related mechanism in an aged mouse model of chronic asthma with airway remodeling. METHODS: BALB/c female mice age 6 weeks, 9 and 15 months were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) for three months. Tiotropium bromide was administered during the challenge period. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and pulmonary inflammation were measured. Parameters of airway remodeling, and expression levels of M2 and M3 receptors were examined. RESULTS: Total cell with eosinophils, increased in the OVA groups by age, was decreased significantly after treatment with tiotropium bromide, particularly in the age group of 15 months. AHR and levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13 were decreased, after tiotropium administration. In old aged group of 9- and 15-months-treated groups, hydroxyproline contents and levels of α-smooth muscle actin were attenuated. Tiotropium enhanced the expression of M2 but decreased expression of M3 in all aged groups of OVA. CONCLUSION: Tiotropium bromide had anti-inflammatory and anti-remodeling effects in an aged mouse model of chronic asthma. Its effects seemed to be partly mediated by modulating expression M3 and M2 muscarinic receptors. Tiotropium may be a beneficial treatment option for the elderly with airway remodeling of chronic asthma.
Subject(s)
Aged , Animals , Female , Humans , Mice , Actins , Airway Remodeling , Asthma , Eosinophils , Hydroxyproline , Interleukin-13 , Interleukin-5 , Interleukins , Ovalbumin , Ovum , Pneumonia , Receptors, Muscarinic , Tiotropium BromideABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/AIMS: The co-occurrence of obesity aggravates asthma symptoms. Diet-induced obesity increases helper T cell (TH) 17 cell differentiation in adipose tissue and the spleen. The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor pravastatin can potentially be used to treat asthma in obese patients by inhibiting interleukin 17 (IL-17) expression. This study investigated the combined effects of pravastatin and anti-IL-17 antibody treatment on allergic inflammation in a mouse model of obesity-related asthma. METHODS: High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity was induced in C57BL/6 mice with or without ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and challenge. Mice were administered the anti-IL-17 antibody, pravastatin, or both, and pathophysiological and immunological responses were analyzed. RESULTS: HFD exacerbated allergic airway inflammation in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of HFD-OVA mice as compared to OVA mice. Blockading of the IL-17 in the HFD-OVA mice decreased airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) and airway inflammation compared to the HFD-OVA mice. Moreover, the administration of the anti-IL-17 antibody decreased the leptin/adiponectin ratio in the HFD-OVA but not the OVA mice. Co-administration of pravastatin and anti-IL-17 inhibited airway inflammation and AHR, decreased goblet cell numbers, and increased adipokine levels in obese asthmatic mice. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the IL-17–leptin/adiponectin axis plays a key role in airway inflammation in obesity-related asthma. Our findings suggest a potential new treatment for IL-17 as a target that may benefit obesity-related asthma patients who respond poorly to typical asthma medications.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Mice , Adipokines , Adipose Tissue , Asthma , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid , Cell Differentiation , Diet, High-Fat , Goblet Cells , Inflammation , Interleukin-17 , Obesity , Ovalbumin , Ovum , Oxidoreductases , Pravastatin , Respiratory Hypersensitivity , SpleenABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), inflammation, and remodeling. There is emerging interest in the involvement of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel in the pathophysiology of asthma. This study examined whether TRPV1 antagonism alleviates asthma features in a murine model of chronic asthma. METHODS: BALB/c mice were sensitized to and challenged by ovalbumin to develop chronic asthma. Capsazepine (TRPV1 antagonist) or TRPV1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) was administered in the treatment group to evaluate the effect of TPV1 antagonism on AHR, airway inflammation, and remodeling. RESULTS: The mice displayed increased AHR, airway inflammation, and remodeling. Treatment with capsazepine or TRPV1 siRNA reduced AHR to methacholine and airway inflammation. Type 2 T helper (Th2) cytokines (interleukin [IL]-4, IL-5, and IL-13) were reduced and epithelial cell-derived cytokines (thymic stromal lymphopoietin [TSLP], IL-33, and IL-25), which regulate Th2 cytokine-associated inflammation, were also reduced. Airway remodeling characterized by goblet cell hyperplasia, increased α-smooth muscle action, and collagen deposition was also alleviated by both treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment directed at TRPV1 significantly alleviated AHR, airway inflammation, and remodeling in a chronic asthma murine model. The TRPV1 receptor can be a potential drug target for chronic bronchial asthma.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Airway Remodeling , Asthma , Collagen , Cytokines , Goblet Cells , Hyperplasia , Inflammation , Interleukin-33 , Interleukin-5 , Methacholine Chloride , Ovalbumin , RNA, Small InterferingABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Benign acute childhood myositis (BACM) is a rare syndrome caused by a viral infection and is characterized by gait disturbance with calf pain in children. I investigated whether BACM is related to the incidences of seasonal influenza and of specific influenza subtypes in Korea. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with BACM between March, 2010 and December, 2014 were investigated retrospectively. The occurrence of BACM was compared with the incidence of influenza for each influenza season, as obtained from the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. RESULTS: All patients had previous infection preceding calf muscle pain or gait disturbance. Laboratory findings showed elevated levels of creatine kinase (median, 1243 U/L) and leukopenia ( < 4500/µL). Patients exhibited benign courses that resolved within a few days without any complications. The rate of influenza B was correlated with BACM occurrence (P=0.05) although this relationship was not statistically significant. Neither the rate of total influenza nor the rate of influenza subtype A was associated with BACM occurrence. CONCLUSION: The outbreak of influenza B was correlated with the occurrence of BACM. We should recognize the occurrence of this disease and avoid unnecessary evaluation to diagnose BACM when an outbreak of influenza B is expected.
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Creatine Kinase , Gait , Incidence , Influenza B virus , Influenza, Human , Korea , Leukopenia , Myalgia , Myositis , Retrospective Studies , SeasonsABSTRACT
Arachnoid cysts found under the age of 1 year are more likely to grow in size, relatively short term follow-up is required. Retrocerebellar location predicts a high risk of hydrocephalus, and the time window until irreversible neuronal damage is often narrow if the arachnoid cyst increases in size and becomes symptomatic. However, when and how to treat a neonatal or infantile patient with a retrocerebellar arachnoid cyst is still a controversial subject. We recently experienced 3 differently treated very young pediatric patients with retrocerebellar arachnoid cysts. One patient was treated two weeks after birth by a cystoperitoneal shunt. This patient showed normal development after the surgery. The other patient was treated by a ventriculoperitoneal shunt and subsequent cystoventriculostomy at the age of 4 months because of his mother's refusal on 14th day after birth. This one showed developmental delay despite of decreasing size of ventricles after the surgery. The last patient was treated with microscopic fenestration, which failed in its initial attempt. A revision operation by cyst excision succeeded and had no problem after the surgery. Therefore, we suggest that early surgical intervention for retrocerebellar arachnoid cyst can be considered. Although there are concerns of long term complications related to shunts, a cystoperitoneal shunt would be a feasible treatment if we consider the minor cerebrospinal fluid pathway which is the dominant cerebrospinal fluid dynamic at this age.
Subject(s)
Humans , Arachnoid Cysts , Arachnoid , Cerebrospinal Fluid , Cranial Fossa, Posterior , Follow-Up Studies , Hydrocephalus , Neurons , Parturition , Pediatrics , Ventriculoperitoneal ShuntABSTRACT
Glucose transport 1 (GLUT-1) deficiency is a rare syndrome caused by mutations in the glucose transporter 1 gene (SLC2A1) and is characterized by early-onset intractable epilepsy, delayed development, and movement disorder. De novo mutations and several hot spots in N34, G91, R126, R153, and R333 of exons 2, 3, 4, and 8 of SLC2A1 are associated with this condition. Seizures, one of the main clinical features of GLUT-1 deficiency, usually develop during infancy. Most patients experience brief and subtle myoclonic jerk and focal seizures that evolve into a mixture of different types of seizures, such as generalized tonic-clonic, absence, myoclonic, and complex partial seizures. Here, we describe the case of a patient with GLUT-1 deficiency who developed infantile spasms and showed delayed development at 6 months of age. She had intractable epilepsy despite receiving aggressive antiepileptic drug therapy, and underwent a metabolic workup. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination showed CSF-glucose-to-blood-glucose ratio of 0.38, with a normal lactate level. Bidirectional sequencing of SLC2A1 identified a missense mutation (c.1198C>T) at codon 400 (p.Arg400Cys) of exon 9.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Cerebrospinal Fluid , Codon , Drug Resistant Epilepsy , Drug Therapy , Exons , Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative , Glucose Transporter Type 1 , Glucose , Lactic Acid , Movement Disorders , Mutation, Missense , Myoclonus , Seizures , Spasms, InfantileABSTRACT
Symptoms of a peritoneal progression from ovarian cancer are nonspecific such as abdominal pain, abdominal distention and more. Many imaging studies and serum CA-125 help diagnosis. However, it is difficult to exclude the instances of the diffuse peritoneal diseases that mimic carcinomatosis. The elevated CA-125 level usually correlates with the peritoneal carcimatosis, but it is often found in other peritoneal diseases. Therefore, the pathologic confirmation is necessary because of other mimicking diseases. In our case, CA-125 levels were elevated. Abdominal computed tomography finding was suspected a peritoneal tuberculosis but the pathologic result was the peritoneal carcimatosis, eventually.
Subject(s)
Abdominal Pain , Carcinoma , Diagnosis , Ovarian Neoplasms , Peritoneal Diseases , Peritonitis, TuberculousABSTRACT
In this study, we isolated scopoletin from Cirsium setidens Nakai (Compositae) and tested its effects on melanogenesis. Scopoletin was not toxic to cells at concentrations less than 50 microM and increased melanin synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. As melanin synthesis increased, scopoletin stimulated the total tyrosinase activity, the rate-limiting enzyme of melanogenesis. In a cell-free system, however, scopoletin did not increase tyrosinase activity, indicating that scopoletin is not a direct activator of tyrosinase. Furthermore, Western blot analysis showed that scopoletin stimulated the production of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase expression via cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, preclinical and clinical studies are needed to assess the use of scopoletin for the treatment of vitiligo.
Subject(s)
Blotting, Western , Cell-Free System , Cirsium , Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein , Melanins , Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor , Monophenol Monooxygenase , Phosphorylation , Scopoletin , VitiligoABSTRACT
Neurological complications associated with 2009 H1N1 infection in children have been reported and recognized worldwide. The most commonly reported neurological complications are seizures and encephalopathy. Secondary movement disorders are also associated with the infection, but such cases are rarely reported. Here, we describe the case of a 14-year-old boy with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia secondary to 2009 H1N1 infection, who presented with dystonia and choreic movement triggered by sudden voluntary movement.
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Chorea , Dyskinesias , Dystonia , Influenza A virus , Movement Disorders , SeizuresABSTRACT
Visual disturbances are common among women with pre-eclampsia. The obstetricians should have an understanding of the various conditions associated with visual impairments. We report a case of Purtscher-like retinopathy developed after pre-eclampsia combined with acute pancreatitis. A 33-year-old primigravida with twin pregnancy was admitted to the department of obstetrics and gynecology for preterm labor and pre-eclampsia at 36+4 weeks gestation. After a cesarean section, she complained of abdominal pain and visual acuity loss. She was diagnosed with Purtscher-like retinopathy combined with acute pancreatitis after ophthalmologic examination and an abdominal computed tomography scan. Purtscher-like retinopathy, most often observed after trauma, is very rare in pre-eclampsia. In addition, while visual disturbances from other conditions are transient, it can result in persistent visual impairments. Thus, when a patient with pre-eclampsia complains of visual problems for a long period of time, obstetricians should consider an ophthalmologic evaluation and treatments during the earliest stage of the disease.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Abdominal Pain , Cesarean Section , Gynecology , Obstetric Labor, Premature , Obstetrics , Pancreatitis , Pre-Eclampsia , Pregnancy, Twin , Retinal Diseases , Vision Disorders , Visual AcuityABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To demonstrate the significance of simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) recording during 2-deoxy-2-[18F] fluoro-D-glucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) in childhood partial epilepsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included 46 children with partial epilepsy who underwent simultaneous EEG during PET. We compared the epileptogenic area of several EEG features including epileptiform discharges, focal polymorphic slow waves, and electrographic seizures, with the abnormal metabolic region on PET. We also compared the epileptogenic area of simultaneous EEG and PET with findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and video/EEG, as well as the histopathological diagnosis of the resected cortical area, in eight patients who underwent surgical resection of the epileptogenic area. RESULTS: Hypometabolic regions on interictal PET were concordant with epileptogenic areas of epileptiform discharges and focal polymorphic slow waves, according to their frequency and/or severity, with odds ratios of 1.35 and 1.81, respectively (p<0.05). Hypermetabolic PET was also concordant with epileptogenic areas of ictal events longer than 20 seconds during the period of FDG uptake. Among the eight patients who underwent surgical resection, six patients, including two with non-lesional MRI, had concordant EEG and PET findings, were confirmed pathologically, and became seizure-free after surgery. CONCLUSION: Simultaneous EEG is useful in identifying epileptogenic areas due to a high concordance with abnormal PET metabolic areas. Moreover, simultaneous EEG may also prevent false lateralization of PET from postictal and mixed metabolism during ictal events, as well as abnormal hypermetabolism, during frequent interictal epileptiform discharges.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Electroencephalography/methods , Epilepsies, Partial/diagnosis , Logistic Models , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Positron-Emission Tomography/methods , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Trisomy 14 mosaicism is a rare chromosome disorder characterized by delayed development, failure to thrive, and facial dysmorphism. Only approximately 30 trisomy 14 mosaicism cases have been reported in the literature because trisomy 14 is associated with early spontaneous abortion. We report a case of a 17-month-old girl with abnormal skin pigmentation, delayed development, facial dysmorphism, and failure to thrive with the 47,XX,+14/46,XX chromosome complement.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant , Pregnancy , Abortion, Spontaneous , Chromosome Disorders , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14 , Complement System Proteins , Failure to Thrive , Korea , Mosaicism , Skin Pigmentation , TrisomyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Lipid-emulsion propofol (LP) has cardioprotective effects against ischemia-reperfusion injury, but it has lipid-related side effects. Microemulsion propofol (MP) is a lipid-free propofol emulsified with 10% purified poloxamer 188 (PP188). PP188 is a nonionic surfactant and has cardioprotective effects. However, some reports have suggested that reduced cardioprotective effects were observed when the cardioprotective agents were used in combination even though each cardioprotective agent has cardioprotective effects. The aims of this study were to examine and compare the cardioprotective effects of MP and LP. METHODS: 50 isolated rat hearts were perfused with modified Kreb's solution. They were divided into 4 groups and underwent 30 minutes of ischemia and 60 minutes of reperfusion. Control group: ischemia-reperfusion was performed without treatment. LP, MP and PP groups: LP, MP and PP188 were infused during the pre-ischemic and reperfusion period, respectively. Hemodynamic parameters and coronary effluent flow rate (CEFR) were measured. Infarct size was determined using triphenyl-tetrazolium staining. RESULTS: In the MP group, systolic pressure was maintained near baseline, the systolic pressure was higher than that in the other groups and HR was lower than that in the other groups during reperfusion. Diastolic pressure was transiently increased in the PP group after treatment and at 5 minutes after reperfusion compared with that in the control group and in the the LP group. There were no differences in dP/dtmax and CEFR between groups. Infarct size in the LP, MP and PP groups was smaller than that in the control group, but there were no significant differences between these three groups. CONCLUSIONS: MP has cardioprotective effects similar to those of LP. MP can be used for cardiac anesthesia in cases with ischemia-reperfusion injury to avoid the lipid-related side effects of LP.